Multi-headed auto-calibrating bioprinter with heads that heat, cool, and crosslink

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a three-dimensional bioprinter for printing and/or patterning a single type or multiple types of cells into different geometrical arrangements and other three-dimensional structures, such as tissues. The bioprinter comprises multiple heads that can each be loaded with a different cartridge containing a biomaterial or biological material such as cells in a solution or cells in a hydrogel. Each bioprinter head and cartridge has the ability to heat or cool using Peltier technology. The bioprinter also has the ability to auto calibrate on a bed plate configured to accept a petri dish or microtiter plate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This U.S. patent application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.No. 15/945,435, filed Apr. 4, 2018, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/481,305 filed on Apr. 4, 2017, titled, “A3D bioprinter with a rotating turret,” the entire contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The disclosed invention is in the field of bioprinting that allows formethods of biofabrication.

BACKGROUND

In today's age, machines have completely changed lives, ranging from thefirst computer to cellphones. However, the most precise andwell-articulated systems remain those that nature has built. The humanbody is an example of one such system which remains to be re-engineered.Organ transplantation has existed since the mid-1800s when the firstskin transplant was performed. Since that time, transplantation hasexploded, resulting in the transplantation of an organ or even severalorgans simultaneously. Initially, organs only from living identicaltwins were transplanted. Soon thereafter organs were transplanted fromliving and deceased donors, provided that the patient and donor haveclose genetic similarities. A donor could be a family member or even agenetically compatible stranger. In fact, more than 600,000 transplantshave occurred in the United States since 1988. The quest for donortissues and organs is a slow and uphill battle and there are not enoughdonors. More than 6,000 people die each year due to organ failure. Thereare presently over 120,000 people in the U.S. alone on waiting lists fororgans and many others experiencing chronic problems due to thelong-term damaging effects of post-transplant immunosuppression. Thishas prompted significant research and tests on fabricating mechanicalorgans and transplanting tissue and organs from non-humans, neither ofwhich has had much success.

Donor tissues, organs, and even animals are also used in the testing andevaluation of pharmaceutical drugs. In fact, in bringing apharmaceutical drug to the market, it takes years of animal testingbefore clinical trials on humans may be performed. Animal testing isexpensive and inefficient, particularly in situations where thepharmaceutical drug fails to make it to market. Therefore, engineeredtissues can have a huge impact on increasing the economics of drugtesting and can improve testing accuracy and translatability intohumans.

Animal tissues and organs are incredibly complex, possessing multipledifferent compartments that communicate with each other, intricatemicroarchitecture within these compartments, and many different celltypes within each compartment. Bioprinting involves recreating the 3Dstructure of a tissue are designed to mimic the architecture of theextracellular matrix in which cells are suspended. Additionally, cellsthemselves can be incorporated into these constructs.

Bioprinters are complex, expensive, and complicated. They were veryinaccessible to researchers around the world and scientists did not knowwhy they were valuable. Bioprinters have been shown to be powerful toolsto print multicellular geometrically relevant constructs. Bioprintingplatforms have also allowed scientists to think about how cells arearranged within a tissue and scientists begin to add designs to theircell culture to improve scientific results by increasing physiologicalrelevance.

Thus, there is a huge need for devices, platforms, and solutions forprinting and pattern cells into specific geometries to make either tinytissues or large ones for either drug screening or medical devices fororgan replacement. This will have an immense impact on the way we treatpatients and conduct medicine around the world.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to bioprinters, particularly tothree-dimensional (3D) bioprinters. The 3D bioprinters disclosed hereinrelate to a multi-headed bioprinter, so that a plurality of materialscan be dispensed and printed. The bioprinters disclosed herein alsoallow for maintaining the printed materials at a set temperature, forexample, at 4° C. or 37° C.

In one aspect, the present relates to a three-dimensional bioprinter.The three-dimensional bioprinter comprises a multi-headed printingsystem, wherein the multi-headed printing system comprises a pluralityof cartridges, each of the cartridges mounted around a central motor.The three-dimensional bioprinter also comprises an engager configured toautomatically engage one of the plurality of cartridges, wherein theengager comprises a mechanical, an electrical or a pneumatic mechanism.The three-dimensional bioprinter further comprises a top plate and abottom plate, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are configuredto secure the plurality of cartridges.

In one embodiment, the central motor is mounted to the top plate androtates the top plate around a central axis, wherein rotation of the topplate rotates the plurality of cartridges.

In another embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter furthercomprises a plurality of linear motion carriages, wherein one of theplurality of linear motion carriages secure and allow vertical movementof one of the plurality of cartridges.

In another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of cartridgescomprises one or more temperature control units. In some embodiments,the one or more temperature control units comprises a heating unit, acooling unit, a thermoelectric unit, a fan, or a combination thereof.The one or more temperature control units controls the heating unit, thecooling unit, the thermoelectric unit, and the fan using an electricalboard that communicates with a central processing unit.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of cartridges are configured toreceive a composition, wherein the composition comprises a biomaterial,a biological material, a curable extrusion agent or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the biological material comprises a cell,a cell lysate, a protein, a peptide, an antibody, a biochemical, anucleic acid, a growth factor or a combination thereof. In otherembodiments, the biomaterial comprises a hydrogel, a matrigel or acombination thereof.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter comprises an LEDboard at a bottom end of the a plurality of cartridges, wherein the LEDboard produces electromagnetic radiation greater than 405 nm.

In one embodiment, the plurality of cartridges are sized and configuredto receive a delivery device. For example, in one embodiment, thedelivery device is a syringe. In another embodiment, the plurality ofcartridges are configured to dispense the composition at a volumebetween about 0.1 μl to about 1000 μl. In another embodiment, theplurality of cartridges are configured to extrude the compositioncontinuously for about 0.1 seconds to about 2 days. In anotherembodiment, the plurality of cartridges are configured to extrude thecomposition continuously or non-continuously for about 0.01 seconds toabout 10 days.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter further comprises apiston and a level arm connected to the piston, wherein verticalmovement of the piston creates an internal pressure in an engagedcartridge between about 0.1 psi to about 250 psi.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter further comprises acentral canister, wherein the central canister is housed within acentral portion of the cartridge. In another embodiment, the centralcanister comprises a heat transfer material, wherein the heat transfermaterial comprises copper, aluminum, or nickel.

In another embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter comprises one ormore heat sinks, one or more fans, or a combination thereof, attached toone of the plurality of cartridges. For example, the heat sinks can beof any appropriate size, e.g., 1 mm×1 mm or 10 mm×10 mm. Also, the heatsinks can have 5 to 1000 blades. The heat sinks can also comprise anymaterial that allows for good heat transfer, such as copper, aluminum,or nickel, that can allow heat to transfer from the center canister tothe fans to be dissipated into the environment.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional bioprinter comprises aninsulated electronics board, wherein the electronics board controls theone or more temperature control units. In some embodiments, theinsulated electronics board can comprise an insulation comprising a highresistive plastic, a synthetic fiber, or an air insulation.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a three-dimensionalbioprinter comprising a multi-headed printing system, wherein themulti-headed printing system comprises a plurality of cartridges, eachof the cartridges mounted around a central motor. The three-dimensionalbioprinter further comprises an engager configured to automaticallyengage one of the plurality of cartridges, wherein the engager comprisesa mechanical, an electrical or a pneumatic mechanism, a bed plate, a topplate, and a bottom plate. In one embodiment, the top plate and thebottom plate are configured to secure the plurality of cartridges.

In one embodiment, the bed plate comprises a recessed area sized and/orconfigured to accommodate a receiving device. The recessed area securesthe receiving device on the bed plate so that the receiving device doesnot slide or otherwise move on the bed plate while any of the bioprintercomponents move in an x, y, or z direction. In one embodiment, thereceiving device is a microtiter plate, a petri dish, or a glass slide.For example, the microtiter plate is a 6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 96-, 384-, or1536-well plate. Also, the petri dish is a 50 mm, 100 mm, or a 300 mmpetri dish.

In another embodiment, the bed plate comprises temperature control unit.The temperature control unit comprises a source to heat or cool via withthermal heating, thermo electric cooling, liquid heating, liquidcooling, and/or electrical heating. This heating can control thetemperature of the construct being creating in the receiving device.

In another embodiment, the bed plate comprises an auto-calibrationsystem, wherein the auto-calibration system comprises one or moreelectrical pads. In another embodiment, the auto-calibration system inthe bed plate comprises a mechanical switch or an optical sensor.

Other aspects of the present invention comprise a three-dimensionalbioprinter comprising a 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 headed mechanism (i.e., amulti-headed mechanism) that comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 individualcartridges. The cartridges can be loaded with an extrusion material orcomposition such as cells in a solution or cells in a hydrogel. Themulti-headed mechanism sits on a 3 axis gantry system that moves in xand y directions along a Cartesian coordinate system. The multi-headedmechanism dispenses material on a bed plate that moves in the zdirection.

In another aspect, the multi-headed mechanism contains a mechanism to beable to load and unload a cartridge and dispense the material. There isa mechanism that moves vertically in the z direction that engages thecartridge and the system that engages also contains a method to delivera force mechanism. A pneumatic or mechanical force is applied to extrudethe contents of the cartridge.

In a further aspect, the bioprinter contains a single (i.e., one) headand holds a single cartridge. Pneumatic or mechanical force can be usedto extrude the contents of the cartridge. In another aspect, thebioprinter contains a different number of heads. The heads are engagedeither in an automated fashion with a rotational mechanism or can bemanually engaged. In another aspect, the bioprinter contains a pluralityof heads and can be manually engaged or disengaged with the mechanismthat engages or disengages the cartridge and pushes the material witheither pneumatic or mechanical force to extrude the contents of thecartridge.

In yet another aspect, a single cartridge contains a method to heat orcool the specific the interior contents, for example, using Peltiertechnology. One or more fans are used to control the flow of heatwhether towards or away from the cartridge.

In a further aspect, collagen or matrigel with cells are printed intomultiple well plates (microtiter plates) e.g., for pharmaceuticalscreening. Collagen or matrigel can also be used to create tissues e.g.,for pharmaceutical screening or medical devices.

In another aspect, a bed plate for the bioprinter has a specific cut outor a recessed area on the bed plate for well plates (microtiter plates),petri dishes, glass slides and the like. It also contains a location forthe ability to autocalibrate.

In a further aspect, a method of testing a chemical agent is providedand includes (i) applying the chemical agent to a cellular structureprepared using the bioprinter described herein; and (ii) measuring theviability of the cells in the cellular structure.

In still yet a further aspect, a method for transplanting a syntheticorgan in a mammal is provided and includes transplanting a cellularconstruct prepared using the bioprinter described herein to the mammal.

The general description and the following detailed description areexemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention,as defined in the appended claims. Other aspects of the presentinvention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of thedetailed description of the invention as provided herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The summary, as well as the following detailed description, is furtherunderstood when read in conjunction with appended drawings. For thepurpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawingsexemplary embodiments of the invention; however, the invention is notlimited to the specific methods, compositions, and devices disclosed. Inaddition, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a multi-headedbioprinter described herein on a Cartesian gantry system.

FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a bioprintercomprising a multi-headed printing system, a bed plate, and a cartridgesystem that can control the temperature.

FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a multi-headedprinting system used to engage and disengage a cartridge system, in adisengaged configuration.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a multi-headedprinting system used to engage and disengage a cartridge system, in anengaged configuration.

FIG. 5 illustrates a front view of an embodiment of a multi-headedprinting system.

FIG. 6 is a photograph of a perspective view of an embodiment of amulti-headed printing system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of a bed plate of thebioprinter, for receiving contents that are dispensed andauto-calibration of the bioprinter.

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a bed plate ofthe bioprinter for receiving contents that are dispensed andauto-calibration of the bioprinter.

FIG. 9 is a photograph of a perspective view of an embodiment of a bedplate of the bioprinter.

FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a cartridgesystem and components used to control the temperature of the bioprinter.

FIG. 11 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a cartridge systemof the bioprinter.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of a cartridgesystem of the bioprinter.

FIGS. 13A-D illustrate an embodiment of bioprinting using the methodsdescribed herein.

FIG. 14 is a photograph of an embodiment of a support construct printedusing a bioprinter described herein.

FIG. 15 is a photograph of another embodiment of a support constructprinted using a bioprinter described herein.

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of a bioprinting system describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to thefollowing detailed description taken in connection with the accompanyingfigures and examples, which form a part of this disclosure. It is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices,methods, applications, conditions or parameters described and/or shownherein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments by way of example only and is notintended to be limiting of the claimed invention. Similarly, unlessotherwise stated, any description as to a possible mechanism or mode ofaction or reason for improvement is meant to be illustrative only, andthe invention herein is not to be constrained by the correctness orincorrectness of any such suggested mechanism or mode of action orreason for improvement.

Also, as used in the specification including the appended claims, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference toa particular numerical value includes at least that particular value,unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, areference to “a material” is a reference to at least one of suchmaterials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, andso forth. The term “plurality,” as used herein, means more than one.When a range of values is expressed, another embodiment includes fromthe one particular value and/or to the other particular value.

When a value is expressed as an approximation by use of the descriptor“about” or “substantially” it will be understood that the particularvalue forms another embodiment. In general, use of the term “about” or“substantially” indicates approximations that can vary depending on thedesired properties sought to be obtained by the disclosed subject matterand is to be interpreted in the specific context in which it is used,based on its function. The person skilled in the art will be able tointerpret this as a matter of routine. In some cases, the number ofsignificant figures used for a particular value may be one non-limitingmethod of determining the extent of the word “about” or “substantially”.In other cases, the gradations used in a series of values may be used todetermine the intended range available to the term “about” or“substantially” for each value. Where present, all ranges are inclusiveand combinable. That is, references to values stated in ranges includeevery value within that range.

When a list is presented, unless stated otherwise, it is to beunderstood that each individual element of that list and everycombination of that list is to be interpreted as a separate embodiment.

It is to be appreciated that certain features of the invention whichare, for clarity, described herein in the context of separateembodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment.That is, unless obviously incompatible or excluded, each individualembodiment is deemed to be combinable with any other embodiment(s) andsuch any combinations is considered to be another embodiment.Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity,described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be providedseparately or in any sub-combination. It is further noted that theclaims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, thisstatement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of suchexclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connectionwith the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative”limitation. Finally, while an embodiment may be described as part of aseries of steps or part of a more general structure, each said step mayalso be considered an independent embodiment in itself.

The present invention relates to bioprinters and printing components(e.g., biomaterials and biological material) as a two-dimensional andthree-dimensional construct. The bioprinted materials can be formed intocellular constructs, tissues, organs, and other bioengineered constructsand are prepared using methods described herein. The methods involveutilizing technology based on three-dimensional, automated,computer-aided deposition of cells. In some embodiments, the bioprintersdescribed herein are capable of generating tissues and organs. Thesestructures can also not illicit an immune response. In such instances,these bioprinted tissues and organs would not require the administrationof an immunosuppressants for transplantation. In some embodiments, thebioprinters are uncontaminated and do not contain infectious agents suchas viruses, bacteria, and the like. The bioprinters described hereinallow for the fabrication of bioengineered tissues and organs thatobviate the need for organs from donors (i.e., other individuals). Thebioprinters described herein also provide for fabricating thesebioengineered structures in a cost effective manner since they areprepared from inexpensive biomaterials. The bioprinters also reduce oreliminate the need for animal testing of any new chemical, includingpharmaceutical agents.

Bioprinter

In some aspects, the bioprinter may include any instrument thatautomates the bioprinting process described herein. In one embodiment,the bioprinter is a 3D printer, which may be selected by one skilled inthe art. In one embodiment, the bioprinter is a 2D printer. In someembodiments, any component of the bioprinter described herein may beoperated by manual and/or automatic (i.e., robotic) means.

In some aspects, the three-dimensional bioprinter comprises multiplecomponents, including, for example a multi-headed printing system, anengager, a top plate and a bottom plate. The multi-headed printingsystem comprises a plurality of cartridges. Each of the cartridges aremounted around a central motor. The engager is configured to engage oneof the cartridges, wherein the engager comprises a mechanical, anelectrical or a pneumatic mechanism. The bioprinter allows for only onecartridge to be engaged at a time (e.g., while printing). However, theremay be circumstances where more than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6cartridges can be engaged simultaneously. The top plate and the bottomplate are configured to secure the plurality of cartridges. The centralmotor is mounted to the top plate and rotates the top plate around acentral axis, wherein rotation of the top plate rotates the plurality ofcartridges

The bioprinter can contain one or more linear motion carriages housedwithin the interior of the bioprinter. Particularly, multi-headedprinting system comprises a plurality of linear motion carriages,wherein one of the plurality of linear motion carriages secure and allowvertical movement of one of the plurality of cartridges. The one or morelinear motion carriages permit a receiving device (e.g., a cartridge) toremain at a height needed to bioprint an article. The linear motioncarriages may also be utilized to calibrate and/or level one or morecomponents of the bioprinter, such as a cartridge. In one embodiment,the one or more linear motion carriages control movement of one or morecomponents of the bioprinter including, without limitation, a cartridge,a bed plate, or any combination thereof. The movement of the linearmotion carriages may be performed using skill in the art including,without limitation, a motor.

For example, in one embodiment, the one or more linear motion carriagesare placed at a direction and/or a height and are of any width that isnecessary to support one or more components of the bioprinter. In afurther embodiment, the linear motion carriages are placed along thex-axis, y-axis, or z-axis, or any combination thereof in the bioprinter.In another embodiment, the one or more cartridges, a receiving device, abed plate, or any combination thereof is attached to one or more linearmotion carriages. In a further embodiment, the cartridge moves along thex and y axis and the bed plate moves along the z axis.

The one or more linear motion carriages housed within the bioprinter canalso include one or more endstops. The one or more endstops are a meansof defining a boundary to build the fabricated (e.g., bioprinted)article. The one or more endstops are also useful to keep one or morecomponents of the bioprinter in a particular position. The one or moreendstops may contribute to calibrating the position of one or morecomponents on the respective x, y, and/or z axis. In one embodiment, theendstops ensure that the cartridge stays within the area of thereceiving device. In another embodiment, the x and y endstops define theboundary for the cartridge. Accordingly, the x and y endstops restrictthe movement of the cartridge to the size (e.g., dimensions) of thereceiving device (e.g., a microtiter plate or a petri dish). Forexample, the cartridge may hit an endstop and cannot proceed past thispoint, i.e., it stays within the area of the receiving device. In afurther embodiment, the z endstop defines the boundary for the receivingdevice and/or bed plate. Accordingly, the z endstop assists inmodulating the height of the receiving device. In this instance, the zendstop ensures that the bed plate and receiving device do not move toohigh. In doing so, the z endstop may prevent the receiving device fromcontacting the needle and damaging the syringe and/or the fabricatedarticle. The endstops may be fabricated using any materials available inthe art including, without limitation, glass, coated glass, plastic,coated plastic, metal, a metal alloy, gel, or any combination thereof.

The multi-headed printing system of the three-dimensional bioprintercomprises a plurality of cartridges. Each cartridge can comprises one ormore temperature control units. A temperature control unit can be aheating unit, a cooling unit, a thermoelectric unit, or a fan. Eachcartridges is configured to receive a composition, such as abiomaterial, a biological material, a curable extrusion agent or acombination thereof. Biological materials, for example, can comprise acell, a protein, a biochemical, an antibody, a nucleic acid, a growthfactor or a combination thereof. Biomaterials, for example, cancomprises, a hydrogel, a matrigel or a combination thereof. Thecomposition can be a mixture of a biological material and a biomaterial,e.g., cells in a hydrogel. A source of electromagnetic radiation (e.g.,an LED board) can be at or near a bottom end of a cartridge. If thereare more than one cartridge (i.e., a plurality of cartridges), a sourceof electromagnetic radiation is optionally provided. For instance, theLED board can produce electromagnetic radiation less than about 405 nmor greater than about 405 nm

Each cartridge of the multi-headed printing system is sized andconfigured to receive a delivery device. The delivery device cancontain, store, or otherwise hold the composition, such as abiomaterial, a biological material, a curable extrusion agent or acombination thereof. For example, the delivery device is a syringe thatbe slide into and fit within the cartridge. The delivery device isconfigured to dispense the composition at any appropriate flow rate orvolume for bioprinting. For example, the delivery device can dispense acomposition between about 0.1 μl to about 1000 μl. Also, the deliverydevice can extrude the composition for any appropriate length of time.The time will depend on factors, including, flow rate, total volume ofthe delivery device (or cartridge), viscosity, temperature, andpressure. For example, the delivery device can extrude a composition(continuously or non-continuously) for about 0.1 seconds to about 5days, about 1 second to about 2 days, about 1 minute to about 1 day, orabout 1 hour to about 12 hours.

The multi-headed printing system of the three-dimensional bioprinter canfurther comprise a piston and a level arm connected to the piston. Thisarrangement allows for a vertical movement of the piston to create aninternal pressure in an engaged cartridge. The internal pressure createdby the system can be between about 0.1 psi to about 250 psi, about 0.2psi to about 100 psi, about 1 psi to about 50 psi, or about 2 psi toabout 20 psi.

The multi-headed printing system of the three-dimensional bioprinter canfurther comprise a central canister. The central canister is housedwithin a central portion of a cartridge. The central canister allows forheat exchange to and from the delivery device (or cartridge). So, thecentral canister comprises a heat transfer material, such as copper,aluminum, or nickel.

The multi-headed printing system of the three-dimensional bioprinter canfurther comprise one or more heat sinks, one or more fans, or acombination thereof. The heat sink(s), fan(s), or combination of heatsinks and fans, are attached to one the cartridges to allow for heatingand/or cooling of the cartridge (or delivery device).

An electronics board controls the one or more temperature control units.The electronics board can be insulated or shielded from varyingtemperatures generated from the temperature control units. Any type ofinsulation or material can be used, such as, a high resistive plastic, asynthetic fiber, or an air insulation.

The three-dimensional bioprinter can further comprise a bed plate. Thebed plate comprises a recessed area sized and configured to accommodatea receiving device. The receiving device is a microtiter plate, a petridish, or a glass slide. The recessed area of the bed plate preventsmovement of, for example, a microtiter plate during the bioprintingprocess. The bed plate can also comprise a temperature control unit. Thetemperature control unit can be a heating unit, a cooling unit, or both.The bed plate can further comprise an auto-calibration system, whereinthe auto-calibration system comprises one or more electrical pads.

As noted above, one or more components of the bioprinter may becalibrated prior to or at one or more times during the bioprinting.Accordingly, the bioprinter contains a calibrating means for obtainingthe proper level for one or more component. In one embodiment, one ormore of the cartridge, bed plate, and/or receiving device is calibrated.In another embodiment, one or more component of the bioprinter iscalibrated along one or more of the x, y, and z axes. Calibration of thebioprinter may be performed as described in U.S. Publication No.2017/0172765, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference, using manual techniques, automated techniques, or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, the calibration means mayinclude laser alignment, optical alignment, mechanical alignment,piezoelectric alignment, magnetic alignment, electrical field orcapacitance alignment, ultrasound alignment, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a bioprinter100. Bioprinter 100 comprises x bar rail 110 that supports y bar 155.They bar 155 sits on the x carriage 110 with two carriages, one on oneside of the y bar 160 and one equally on the other side. Y bar 155 movesback and forth along the y axis (see reference XYZ axis) pushed by amotor 170 that lies on the back inside of the bioprinter 100. The Ycarriage 175 then hosts the rotating extruder system 165 that is pushedby a motor 160. A rotating extruder 165 holds one or more cartridges 120and rotates them using a motor 140 found on the center of the system.The cartridge systems 120 extrude onto a printing stage or bed plate125. The printing stage 125 is configured such that it can hold areceiving means. For example, a receiving means can be any sized petridish, glass slide, well plates, and the like. The bioprinter 100 cancontain an interface 135 at the front location that allows the user tointeract with it and an on and off (power) button 130. The printer canalso comprise one or more cords for power, air flow, and/or a computerconnection on the sides 145 or 115.

Still referring to FIG. 1, another aspect of the present disclosure is aprocedure for calibrating one or more components of a bioprinter andincludes use of one or more linear motion carriages 110, 155, 125.

In order to prepare the fabricated materials, the bioprinters disclosedherein control and dispense a composition (e.g., a biomaterial, abiological material or a combination thereof) with repeatable accuracy.In one embodiment, the position of the cartridge is calibrated along thex-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis, or a combination thereof. Theaccuracy is dependent on a number of factors, including, withoutlimitation, removal and insertion of cartridges, position of thecartridge, among others. Calibrating the position of the cartridgeincludes the use of a laser (e.g., auto-calibrated), visually (e.g.,manually calibrated), or a combination thereof.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a bioprinter from a side view. Thebioprinter 200 can be interfaced with the on and off button or interfacescreen 201 found on the front of the bioprinter 200. The top of theprinter houses an x and y axis system 210 that holds a rotating printingsystem 215. The rotating printing system 215 holds one or morecartridges 205 and also houses a center motor system 250 The middle 225and top 220 backside of the rotating printing system 215 is themechanism used to engage or disengage a cartridge 230 that has a loadedsyringe with a needle 235. Cartridge 205 prints on a bed plate surface240 that moves up and down in the z direction. The bioprinter 200 iscontained within a housing 245.

The atmosphere of the bioprinter can be adjusted to provide optimalconditions for depositing the composition or biomaterial. Specifically,the temperature, humidity, atmospheric composition (i.e., gascomposition), among others can be controlled and adjusted. In oneembodiment, the bioprinter comprises a means for adjusting thetemperature within the bioprinter. In some embodiments, the temperatureof the individual bioprinter components, such as, for example, thecartridge and/or the receiving device are controlled. In someembodiments, multiple components of the bioprinter, including theatmosphere within the bioprinter are each controlled individually andindependently. The temperature may be selected by one skilled in the artand may depend on the type of cell or biomaterial being printed. In oneembodiment, the temperature is maintained at a temperature which resultsin a suitable physical environment for the cells. In one embodiment, thetemperature is maintained at about −20° C. to about 300° C. In a furtherembodiment, the temperature is maintained at about 0° C. to about 100°C. In another embodiment, the temperature is maintained at about 10° C.to about 30° C. In another embodiment, the temperature is maintained atabout 15° C. to about 25° C. In another embodiment, the temperature ismaintained at about room temperature (i.e., about 21° C.). In anotherembodiment, the temperature is maintained at about 20° C. to about 50°C. In another embodiment, the temperature is maintained at about 30° C.to about 40° C. In another embodiment, the temperature is maintained atabout 37° C. The means for maintaining the temperature within thebioprinter and/or components of the bioprinter at a certain temperatureor within a range of temperatures can include a heating and/or coolingelement. Heating elements include, without limitation, radiant,convection, conductive, fan, heat exchange heater, or any combinationthereof. Cooling elements include, without limitation, coolant, chilledliquid, ice, a radiant cooler, convection cooler, a conductive cooler, afan cooler, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the coolingsystem is a pelti temperature control device that regulates the flow ofheat using fans and its controlled by an electronics board.

The humidity within the bioprinter or of the individual componentsincluding inside the cartridge can also be varied. Specifically, thehumidity can adjusted (i.e., be increased or decreased) as necessary.The humidity can range from about 0% to about 100%.

The gaseous (atmospheric) composition of the bioprinter, when sealed,can be varied and adjusted. In embodiments, the atmospheric conditionswithin the bioprinter can be similar to air (e.g., about 78% N2, about21% O2, and about 1% Ar by volume). In other embodiments, theatmospheric conditions within the bioprinter can have varyingconcentrations of gas, including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide,nitrogen, argon, and oxygen. For example, the concentrations of CO2, N2,Ar, and O2 can each be adjusted from about 0% to about 100%.

Multi-Headed Rotating Printing System

The present invention is also directed towards a multi-headed rotatingprinting system. The multi-headed rotating printing system comprises aplurality of cartridges mounted around a central motor. The centralmotor spins the cartridge of interest into an engaged position. Thisallows for automatically engaging one of the cartridges and positioningit for extrusion. Once a cartridge is engaged, the engager can containeither pneumatic or mechanical method of extruding the contents out ofthe cartridge.

FIG. 3, illustrates an embodiment of internal components of a rotatingprinting system 300. The system 300 comprises a center bearing 315 atits core that keeps the rotating of the cartridges 301, 370, 350aligned. There is a plate or a rail 375 that holds the carriages 385 ofwhich the cartridges can slide up and down on depending on whether theyare engaged or not 385. Top plate 310 moves in circular direction byforce by a motor mounted under 365. The blocks that hold the cartridges301, 370, 350 are held together by both the top plate 310 and the bottomplate 360. The engager 340 uses a mechanism to raise itself up and downusing either mechanical or pneumatic pressure mechanism 345. Piston 335moves up and down in sync and a lever arm 330 that supports the piston.Pneumatic air inlet 325 sends air down plunger 320 to a syringe 380loaded in a cartridge. Creation of pneumatic force extrudes material outof the tip 355 of cartridge 301. The temperature within syringe 380 canbe controlled by mounted one or more heaters and/or coolers and fans 350alongside the center of a cartridge 301, 370, 350. For example, the oneor more heaters and/or coolers is one or more pelti heaters and/orcoolers.

FIG. 4 illustrates a rotating printing system 400 and its internalcomponents in the engaged position. The system 400 at its core has acenter bearing 401 that keeps the rotating of the cartridges 420, 445,460 aligned. There is a plate 455 that is attached to the bearing 401that holds the carriages 470 which the cartridges 420, 445, 460 slide upand down on depending on whether they are engaged or not. Top plate 455moves in a substantially circular direction by a bi-polar motor mountedunder top plate 455. The blocks 475 that hold the cartridges 470 areheld together by both the top plate 455 and the bottom plate 440. Theengager 415 uses a mechanism to raise itself up and down using eithermechanical or pneumatic pressure. In an engaged position the piston 410is compressed by either pneumatic or mechanical strain and translatesthe motion at a center piece 405. When engaged, the force down movementof the piston moves the entire cartridge 420, 445, 460 down by anequidistant amount. Then once moved down the contents can be dispensedout of 425. The cartridges 420, 445, 460 can control temperature throughone or more heaters and/or coolers to influence the contents being heldby the inner cartridge or syringe 415. For example, the one or moreheaters and/or coolers is one or more pelti heaters and/or coolers.

FIG. 5 illustrates a rotating printing system 500 and cartridges 520,525, 535 arranged in a circular pattern around center bearing 510. Itwill be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that amaximum number of cartridges can fit around center bearing 510 with theengager 501. In some aspects, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12cartridges are arranged around a center bearing. In some aspects, morethan 1, more than 2, more than 3, more than 4, more than 5, more than 6,more than 7, more than 8, more than 9, or more than 10 cartridges arearranged around a center bearing. The mechanism houses a motor on theinside and is used to rotate the different cartridges to the cartridgeof interest to be engaged by the dispensing mechanism.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-headed rotating bioprintingsystems machined and fully assembled.

Bed Plate (Printing Stage)

A bed plate is another component of the bioprinter described herein. Thebed plate as used herein regulates the movement of the receiving device,as described below. In one embodiment, the printer plate moves thereceiving device up and down. The bed plate may be, without limitation,glass, coated glass, plastic, coated plastic, metal, a metal alloy, gel,or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the bed plate is square,circular, triangular, oval, rectangular, or irregularly shaped. Inanother embodiment, the bed plate has different cut outs to be able tosecure different well plates or petri dishes. The bed plate canaccommodate any sized well plates, such as, for example, 6, 12, 24, 48,96, 384, 1084, or 3084-well plates.

FIG. 7 illustrates a top view of a bed plate 700. Bed plate 700 is aprinting stage that comprises a recessed area or cut outs sized andconfigured to hold and secure, for example, a small petri dish 701, alarger petri dish 730, well plates 725, a glass slide 715, or anauto-calibration system 720. One end 705 of the bed plate 700 containsscrews to be able to mount and mate to the bioprinter system, and acenter hole 710 to be able to attach to the Z motor to move up and downin the Z direction.

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a bed plate 800. Bed plate 800is a printing stage that comprises a recessed area or cut outs sized andconfigured to hold and secure, for example, a small petri dish 835, alarge petri dish 801, a glass slide 830, or an auto-calibration system820. Auto-calibration system 820 is a recessed area within bed plate 800and can comprise one or more electrical pads. One end 805 of bed plate800 contains screws to mate to a printer system, and a center hole 810to be able to attach to the Z motor to move up and down in the Zdirection.

FIG. 9 illustrates bed plate 900.

The bioprinter disclosed herein is capable of dispensing a compositionin a predetermined geometry, i.e., position, pattern, and/or layer, intwo or three dimensions, onto a receiving device (e.g., a microtiterplate or petri dish). In one embodiment, the receiving device is areceiving plate. In another embodiment, the receiving device has a 3Dstructure such as a tissue structure, gel, multi-well plate (e.g.,microtiter plate), or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, thereceiving device is a water bath. The receiving device can be anymaterial, device, or component that can receive extruded and/orbioprinted materials from a cartridge.

Accordingly, the bioprinter achieves a particular geometry of thefabricated article by moving the cartridge relative to a receivingdevice. Alternatively, the receiving device is moved relative to thecartridge.

In an effort to reduce contamination, the receiving device is non-toxicto the biomaterial, components of the composition, or any combinationthereof. The locations at which the bioprinter deposits the compositiononto a receiving device are adjustable as determined by the user.

The receiving device is desirably designed specifically to accommodatethe shape, size, texture, or geometry of the fabricated article. It maybe may be flat or substantially flat; smooth or substantially smooth;defined or substantially defined; or any combination thereof. Thereceiving device may assume a variety of concavities, convexities, ortopographies based on the article to be fabricated. The receiving devicemay contain, without limitation, glass, coated glass, plastic, coatedplastic, metal, metal alloy, gel, or any combination thereof. Thereceiving device and the biomaterial may be biocompatible. In oneembodiment, the receiving device is a substantially flat plate,multi-well plate such as a 6- or 96-well plate, or 3D scaffold in whichthe cartridge moves in 3 dimensions. In another embodiment, thereceiving device is square, circular, triangular, oval, rectangular, orirregularly shaped.

The receiving device is located within the bioprinter and adjacent tothe cartridge. The receiving device may also be adjacent to the bedplate. In one embodiment, the receiving device is positioned below thecartridge. In another embodiment, the receiving device is positionedabove the printer driver. In a further embodiment, the receiving deviceis positioned between the cartridge and the bed plate.

The receiving device may be leveled prior to deposition of thecomposition. The leveling may be performed as described above byadjusting the bed plate using the rods and endpoints. Alternatively, thebioprinter could have a self-leveling means, thereby eliminating theneed for human intervention for leveling the hardware. In doing so,software may be used to analyze the position of the receiving device andperform any necessary adjustments. In one embodiment, the receivingdevice is leveled to 0 relative to the flat bottom of the cartridge.

Cartridge and Cartridge System

As used herein, a “cartridge” is any object that is capable of receivingand holding a composition prior to deposition described herein.Referring to FIGS. 10-12, the cartridge may be attached to thebioprinter using any means known in the art. Any number of cartridgesmay be utilized and the number of cartridges used depends on the desiredarticle for fabrication. In one embodiment, the cartridge is attached tothe bioprinter through a carriage. In another embodiment, the cartridgeis attached to a center piece which is attached to one or morecarriages. In a further embodiment, the cartridge is attached to acenter piece along the x-axis.

In one embodiment, one cartridge is utilized. In this instance, all ofthe components of the composition are combined in the single cartridge.

In another embodiment two or more, three or more, four or more, five ormore, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten ormore, i.e., multiple cartridges are utilized. In a further embodiment, 2to 25 cartridges are used, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 cartridges. Inthis instance, each cartridge contains the same or different compositionas other cartridges. For example, if using two cartridges, a uniquecomposition may be deposited separately from each of the two cartridges.By doing so, the simultaneous or separate use of multiple cartridges maybe used to create complex, hierarchical structures.

A single cartridge may be attached to one or more additional cartridges.Alternatively, a cartridge is position separately from the othercartridges.

The cartridge is made from any material which may be used in thebioprinter described herein. In one embodiment, the cartridge comprisesglass, plastic, metal, gel, or any combination thereof. The cartridgemay be coated on its interior or exterior with a casing. The casing maycomprise any material that is compatible with the cartridge andcomprises glass, metal, plastic, or a combination thereof. The casingmay be the same material as the cartridge or different materials.

The cartridge is of any shape which fits into the bioprinter and may beselected by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the cartridge iscylindrically shaped. In another embodiment, the cartridge is graduatedat one end, i.e., conical in shape.

FIG. 10 illustrates a cartridge system 1000. Cartridge system 1000 isconfigured to control light, temperature, or a combination thereof. Thecenter of the cartridge inlet 1005 is configured to accept contents(e.g. biomaterial or biological material) directly or a syringe that canhold the contents. The content or syringe makes contact with centercanister 1030 which can transfer heat. The heater (e.g., pelti heater)1035 is configured to contact the center canister 1050 and the heatsinks 1060. The heat sinks 1060 further make contact with fans 1065 thatare bolted to the to heat sinks 1060 with screws 1050, or glue or otherattachment means could be used. Cartridge 1000 comprises a light 1040underneath to control materials that require cross linking at a desiredwavelength of electromagnetic radiation. The temperature and light arecontrolled through an electronics board 1020 attached to the center withscrews 1015.

FIG. 11 illustrates cartridge system 1100. Cartridge system 1100 isconfigured to control light, temperature or a combination thereof. Thecenter of the cartridge inlet 1005 is configured to accept the contents(e.g., biomaterial) directly or a syringe 1001 that can hold thecontents of interest. These contents or syringe is configured to contactcenter canister 1115, which can transfer heat. The heat sinks 1140 thenmake contact with center canister 1115 and heat sinks 1160. The heatsinks 1140 further make contact with the fans 1130 that are screwed intothe heat sinks 1140 with screws, glue or other attachment means. Thecartridge 1100 comprises a light 1125 (e.g., LED) to control materialsthat require cross linking at a desired wavelength of electromagneticradiation. The temperature and light are controlled through anelectronics board 1120 attached to the center with screws 1105. Theboard can be controlled with a pin connection to upload new firmware1110.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exploded view of cartridge system 1200. Cartridgesystem 1200 illustrates heat sink 1205 and 1245, fans 1270, pelti cooler1255, center canister syringe 1275, lower LED board 1260, and syringe1201 combined to achieve a cartridge system.

A syringe 1201 can be placed into a center canister 1275 that is themain center point to accept and transfer heat either towards or awayfrom the canister. The canister is held in place by two high temperatureplastic brackets 1280 and 1265 and further surrounded by pelti coolers1255 and fans 1270 in the front that transfer heat ether towards or awayfrom center canister 1275. The brass heat sinks 1205 and 1245 absorb theheat more rapidly. The brass brackets 1280 and 1265 further transferheat from the heat sinks 1205 and 1245 to the outer shell 1210 thatprovides both aesthetics as well as function. An LED board that can holdLEDs of wavelengths greater than 405 nm of electromagnetic radiation isstationed at the bottom of the extruder 1260 and is held in place by anouter shell 1265. The center components are then further held togetherby two pieces, a top piece 1215 and a bottom piece 1290. The electronicsboard 1250 controls and regulates the extruder is held in the back andattached with screws to the back bracket 1280. The cartridge furthercomprises an attachment mechanism 1285 that allows it to detach from acenter printer piece. The attachment mechanism 1285 has two symmetricalarms 1230 of which a user can squeeze to attach or detach the extruder.These arms when pushed, further pushes another piece 1225 that latcheson the a center mount that initiates the attachment mechanism todisengage from the center mount. The attachment mechanism comprisessprings 1235 that push the arms back out and the attachment mechanisminto its engaged position. There is a piece that cover springs 1235 andthe attachment mechanism 1240.

The cartridge 1200 further comprises a chamber and at least twoopenings. The cartridge 1200 has a capacity (i.e., a volume) which isdependent of the selected fabricated article, composition, and size ofthe delivery device. In one embodiment, the cartridge has a diameter ofabout 1 mm to about 100 mm. In another embodiment, the cartridge has adiameter of about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In a further embodiment, thecartridge has a capacity of at least about 0.1 ml. In anotherembodiment, the cartridge has a capacity of about 0.1 ml to about 5000ml. In still a further embodiment, the cartridge has a capacity of about1 ml to about 100 ml. In yet another embodiment, the cartridge has acapacity of about 1 ml to about 20 ml. In one embodiment, the cartridgecontains one opening at one end and a second opening at the oppositeend. In another embodiment, the cartridge contains one opening whichpermits insertion of a delivery device into the chamber. In a furtherembodiment, the cartridge contains a second opening which permits aportion of a delivery device, i.e., the needle, to exit the cartridge.The size of the first and second openings depends on the delivery deviceutilized in fabrication of the article. In one embodiment, the first andsecond openings are, independently, about 1 mm to about 10 mm. Inanother embodiment, the first and second openings are, independently,about 2 mm to about 10 mm.

Cartridge 1200 can be modified to accept syringes of all sizes, forexample, 1 ml, 2.5 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, or 50 ml.

The cap of the cartridge may attach directly to the cartridge and mayattach thereto via one or more cap holders. The cap holder(s) attach tothe cartridge. The cap is also compatible with the cap holder andsecurely fit together to substantially seal the cartridge. In oneembodiment, the cap, cap holder, and the cap/cap holder secured togetherhave grooves and ridges, i.e., a specific shape. Conversely, the centerpiece has the opposite grooves and ridges to that of the cap, capholder, and/or cap/cap holder secured together.

The cartridge is secured into the center piece using known methods inthe art. In one embodiment, the cartridge is secured into the centerpiece using mechanical force, electromagnetic force, or pressurizedforce. In another embodiment, the cartridge is secured into the centerpiece using one or more latches. In a further embodiment the cartridgeis secured into the center piece using magnetic attraction, collet chuckgrip, ferrule, nut, barrel adapter, or a combination thereof. Thecartridge may be clipped or snapped in (manually or with magnetic force)or a robotic arm can be used to replace each cartridge in the limitednumber of cartridges as the printing proceeds. Compression may beapplied to the center piece, cartridge, or any combination thereof tocreate a seal. In one embodiment, the seal prevents unwanted gases orsolid particles from entering the cartridge. In another embodiment, theseal assists in the deposition of the composition. The compression maybe applied manually or may be automated.

The bioprinter may also comprise a sensing means for sensing if thecartridge is locked into the center piece. In one embodiment, thesensing means is a magnetic sensor, electrical signal, mechanicalswitch, or a combination thereof. The sensing means may further includean alert if the cartridge is not locked into the center piece. In oneembodiment, the sensing means is a light sensor, alarm, or a combinationthereof. In another embodiment, the alert is generated using a lightgate or a motion sensor.

The cartridge may be permanently or temporarily marked (e.g., with a penor sticker), colored, dyed, scored, painted, polished, or anycombination thereof. The cartridge may be uncovered, partially coveredor fully covered using any means known in the art. In one embodiment,the cartridge prevent the contents therein from being prematurelyexposed to the electromagnetic radiation (i.e., exposed to light). Inanother embodiment, the cartridge is covered to present premature EMRexposure. In a further embodiment, the cartridge is impermeable to lighthaving a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater. In doing so, thecovering prevents the composition from curing in the cartridge andjamming the delivery device, i.e., the syringe. Any part of thecartridge may be covered including, without limitation, the entirecartridge, the tip of the cartridge, a portion of the cartridge, or anycombination thereof. In another embodiment, the cartridge is coveredusing aluminum foil, adhesive foil, a plastic film such as a Parafilm®coating, or the like.

Dispensing Means Using a Delivery Device

The cartridge disclosed herein houses and protects a delivery device.Many types of delivery devices are suitable for use with bioprintersdisclosed herein and the methods of using the same. One of skill in theart would recognize that different delivery devices are required fordifferent compositions containing a biomaterial. For example, certaincompositions may degrade plastic and, in that case, glass or metaldelivery devices may be used.

The delivery devices comprises one or more orifices through which thecomposition exits the cartridge. In one embodiment, the delivery devicescomprises a single orifice. The orifice must be large enough to permitdispensing the composition, but not too large as to have uncontrolleddispensing of the composition. The shape of the orifice is not alimitation and may be, without limitation, flat, circular, square,rectangular, triangular, oval, polygonal, irregular, smooth or textured.Accordingly, selection of a suitable orifice depends on multiplefactors, including, for example, the components and viscosity of thecomposition. In one embodiment, the orifice has a diameter of about 1 toabout 1000 or more μm. In another embodiment, the orifice has a diameterof about 1 μm to about 100 μm.

The delivery device may be a capillary tube, a micropipette, syringe ora needle. In one embodiment, the delivery device contains a needlehaving a luminal diameter of about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In anotherembodiment, the delivery devices comprises a needle having a luminaldiameter of about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In a further embodiment, thedelivery device contains a needle of about 1 mm to about 300 mm inlength. In yet another embodiment, the needle is about 10 mm to about100 mm in length. In still a further embodiment, the delivery device isa Luer-Lok® Tip sterile syringe. In another embodiment, the deliverydevice has a ⅕ ml graduation. In a further embodiment, the deliverydevice has an about 6 mm (0.25″) high precision tip.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate how one or more extruders can achieve a layerby layer addition by depositing 1310 the material out of a syringe 1305within the cartridge 1300 and achieve a thick printed construct bygrowing many layers 1315.

The contents of the delivery devices may be optionally primed prior touse to increase the accuracy of the process. The priming includes makingthe contents of the delivery devices ready to be dispensed.

The delivery devices may be disposable or non-disposable (e.g.,permanent). In one embodiment, the delivery devices is ejected orremoved, automated or manually, from the bioprinter following extrusion,dispensing, or deposition of the contents. In another embodiment, a newdispensing means is attached to the bioprinter. In a further embodiment,the cartridge is a premixed and pre-sealed cartridge which contains acomposition. By doing so, the user may purchase a cartridge and wouldnot need to refill the delivery device by preparing and adding thecomposition.

The dispensing rate of the delivery device is dependent on one or morefactors that will be readily apparently to those skilled in the art. Inone embodiment, the dispensing rate is dependent on multiple factors,such as the viscosity of the composition. In another embodiment, thedispensing rate is dependent on the pressure applied to the composition.In a further embodiment, the dispensing rate is high so that a fine lineof composition may be deposited. In yet another embodiment, thedispensing rate is low so that a thicker line of composition may bedeposited. In other words, the dispensing rate is inversely proportionalto the amount of composition deposited.

The delivery device may be sealed for ease of use and/or to avoidcontamination of the contents therein. Alternatively, the deliverydevice are not sealed and may be opened by the user. In one embodiment,the delivery device is sealed using a cap or cap-like structure which ispermanently affixed to the delivery device and cannot be pierced using aneedle or the like. In another embodiment, the delivery device is sealedusing a cap or cap-like structure which is permanently affixed to thedelivery device, but the cap may be pierced with a needle by the user.In a further embodiment, the delivery device is sealed using a cap whichmay be easily removed by the user. In another embodiment, the deliverydevice is impermeable to electromagnetic radiation. In one embodiment,the delivery device is impermeable to electromagnetic radiating having awavelength of about 405 nm or greater.

Extrusion Means

The composition passes through the delivery device using systems knownin the art. In one embodiment, the composition is deposited onto thereceiving device using gravity. In another embodiment, deposition of thecomposition may be facilitated via the use of an extrusion means. Theterm “extrude” or variations thereof as used herein refers to theability of a composition to exit the delivery device.

For example, as one option, the extrusion means is a pressure means forcontrolling the pressure provided to the cartridge, delivery device, orany combination thereof. The pressure may be generated using any systemknown in the art including, without limitation, pneumatic systems usingcompressed gas such as compressed air, argon, carbon dioxide, ornitrogen, hydraulics, pistons, screw-based means, or any combinationthereof. The pressure required to deposit the composition depends onmultiple factors, such as the article being fabricated and the contentsof the composition. In one embodiment, the pressure is about 50 kPa toabout 1500 kPa (about 0.1 to about 150 psi). In one embodiment, thecompressor which directs the gas at the delivery device and/or cartridgeis connected to and operatively associated with the cartridge. By doingso, a controller and a pressure pump is provided for the deliverydevice. The pressure from the compressor drives deposition of thecomposition onto the receiving device. The pressure may be controlledusing a dial operatively connected to the compressor. If more than onecompressor is used, one dial may control the pressure of thecompressor(s). Two or more dials may be utilized in an effort to obtaindifferent pressures in different cartridges. In one embodiment, thecompressed gas is fed into the cartridge and/or syringe using a hose.Each cartridge may utilize the same pressure to dispense the contentstherein or use varying pressures.

FIG. 16 is a schematic of a system and apparatus provided herein. Thesystem 1600 comprises computer 1610, air compressor 1620, and bioprinter1605. Air compressor 1620 is connected to and operatively associatedwith cartridge to provide a controller and pressure pump for thesyringe. The pressure from air compressor drives deposition ofbiomaterial onto receiving plate 1615. All components can be controlledby CAD software programmed in computer 1610.

The extrusion means may also be thermal, electrical, piezoelectric, ormechanical as determined by those skilled in the art. In one embodiment,heat is applied to the composition, thereby reducing its viscosity. Inanother embodiment, the composition is electrically charged using acurrent. In a further embodiment, the composition is extruded usingpiezoelectric methods. In yet another embodiment, the composition isextruded using mechanical means such as a screw system to drivedeposition.

Optical Device

The bioprinter described herein may optionally include an optical devicefor viewing the fabricated article. In one embodiment, the opticaldevice comprises a lens. In some embodiments, the lens comprises a bluefilter. By doing so, the fabricated article may be viewed and/orrecorded without interference from the EMR, thereby providing increasedquality control in monitoring and/or preparing the article. In anotherembodiment, the optical device is an optical recorder such as a camera,video camera, heat sensor camera, or any combination thereof. Theoptical device is at a resolution (e.g., about 2× to about 100×magnification) that is required for the particular composition andarticle being fabricated. Accordingly, the resolution of the opticaldevice may be low, medium, or high, as determined by those skilled inthe art.

The optical detector may be placed at any appropriate location of thebioprinter. In one embodiment, the optical device is placed in closeproximity to the fabricated article. In another embodiment, the opticaldevice is mounted on one or more component of the bioprinter or isadapted to move along side of the receiving device and/or cartridge. Ina further embodiment, the optical device is mounted on the cartridge,receiving device, in the corner of the bioprinter, among others. Inanother embodiment, the optical device is mounted on the cartridge. In afurther embodiment, the optical device is mounted adjacent to thereceiving device. In yet a further embodiment, the optical device ismounted on the cartridge facing the receiving device. In still anotherembodiment, the optical device is adapted to move inside of thebioprinter by way of a track or the like.

The optical device may be temporarily or permanently attached to one ormore component of the bioprinter. In one embodiment, the optical deviceis attached to the EMR module. In another embodiment, the optical deviceis permanently attached to the EMR module. In a further embodiment, theoptical device is reversibly attached to the EMR module. EMR modules aredescribed in U.S. Pub. No. 2017/0172765, the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

A camera, for example, could be placed under the piston extruder to beable to take images of printed structures and provide resolutionfeedback. These images could be aggregated to understand patterns andtrends from both the behavior of the printer as well as printingresults.

Software

The bioprinter deposits the composition at precise locations (in two orthree dimensions) on the receiving device. The locations are dependenton the form being prepared and inputted information, which is translatedinto computer code. As known in the art, the computer code is a sequenceof instructions, executable in the central processing unit (CPU) of adigital processing device, and written to perform a specified task.Additional bioprinting parameters including, without limitation, heightof the cartridge, pump speed, robot speed, control of variable deliverydevice, EMR exposure time, cartridge position, direction of thecartridge, and speed of the cartridge, among others.

Computer aided design software may be utilized to prepare the tissueconstructs. In one embodiment, the software is 3D software. In anotherembodiment, the software is in the STL format. One of skill in the artwould be able to select suitable software for use herein including3DCrafter, 3DS Max, 3Dtin, Alibre, AC3D, Anim8or, Art of Illusion,AutoQ3D, AutoCAD, Blender, BRL-CAD, Cheetah3D, Cloud9, CreoElements/Direct, DrawPlus, FormZ, FreeCAD, GLC Player, Google SketchUp,K-3D, LeoCAD, Maya, Magics, MeshLab, NetFabb, OpenSCAD, Rhino3D,Solidworks, STL-viewer, Tinkercad, Wings 3D, ZBrush, among others. Theconstruct may be prepared from the top, the bottom, or the side asdetermined by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the constructis designed from the bottom.

The Slicer that is important to be able to take a 3D file created on oneof the programs above and convert into a code that the printer canunderstand. The Slicer can be included in the software and only displayparameter such as layer height, print speed, and nozzle diameter thatare relevant for the demonstrated 3D printer.

The software may also be adapted to include code to modulate one or morecomponent of the bioprinter. In one embodiment, the software modulatesthe flow of gas into the cartridge. In another embodiment, the softwaremodulates the solenoid value that controls the flow of gas. In a furtherembodiment, the software controls the opening and closing of thesolenoid value that controls the gas flow.

Alternatively or in conjunction, the tissue construct may be designedvia reconstruction of tissues using medical imaging modalities. Examplesof medical imaging modalities include, without limitation, MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT).

Non-Transitory Computer Readable Storage Medium

The devices, systems, and methods may further include non-transitorycomputer readable storage media or storage media encoded with computerreadable program code. The computer readable storage medium may beconnected to a bioprinter or removable from a digital processing device.Examples of computer readable storage medium include CD-ROMs, DVDs,flash memory devices, solid state memory, magnetic disk drives, magnetictape drives, optical disk drives, cloud computing systems and services,among others.

Computer Modules

The devices, systems, and methods may include software, server, anddatabase modules. As known in the art, “computer module” is a softwarecomponent that interacts with a larger computer system, is one or morefiles and handles a specific task.

A computer module is optionally a stand-alone section of code or,optionally, code that is not separately identifiable. In someembodiments, the modules are in a single application. In otherembodiments, the modules are in a plurality of applications. In someembodiments, the modules are hosted on one machine. In otherembodiments, the modules are hosted on a plurality of machines. In someembodiments, the modules are hosted on a plurality of machines in onelocation. In other embodiments, the modules are hosted a plurality ofmachines in more than one location. Further described herein is theformatting of location and positioning data. In some embodiments, thedata files described herein are formatted in any suitable dataserialization format. A key feature of a computer module is that itallows an end user to use a computer to perform the identifiedfunctions.

Graphic User Interface

The computer module may include a graphic user interface (GUI) whichprovides a picture and/or text and may be 2- or 3-dimensional. The GUImay be a touchscreen or multitouchscreen. The GUI may include a gridcomprising regularly spaced objects of substantially the same shape andsubstantially equal size.

The GUI may also be used to control one or more bioprinter parameter. Inone embodiment, the GUI is used to control one or more components of thebioprinter. In another embodiment, the GUI is used to control the EMR,deposition speed, and/or temperature of one or more component,environmental conditions of one or more component, optical device, amongothers.

Components of the Composition

The tissues, organs, and vascular vessels may be prepared using thedevices, systems, and methods described herein together with acomposition. In one embodiment, the composition contains a biomaterialand optional additional components such as support material,non-cellular materials which enable bioprinting, or any combinationthereof.

The composition may be prepared by mixing the cells and a biocompatibleliquid or gel in a pre-determined ratio. The composition may optionallybe treating to facilitate extrusion onto the receiving device, increasedeposition efficiency, or initiate curing. In one embodiment, thecomposition is treated prior to extrusion to provide a desired celldensity, provide a desired viscosity, among others using techniquesknown in the art. Such methods which may be utilized to prepare thecomposition for extrusion include, without limitation, centrifugation,tangential flow filtration, electrical conductance, light, or anycombination thereof. The possible combinations of the components mayvary. However, the components do not need to be mixed into onecartridge.

Biomaterial and Biological Materials

The term “biomaterial” includes any substance to interact withbiological systems for any purpose. The term “biological material”includes any material or substances of which cells are composed.Biomaterials and biological materials can be a liquid, semisolid, orsolid. Examples of biological materials include, for example, celllysates, proteins, genes, peptides, antibodies, growth factors,biochemicals, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, acomposition comprises a biomaterial and a biological material. In oneembodiment, the biomaterial and/or the biological material is viablymaintained in a composition. In another embodiment, the biomaterialand/or the biological material withstands the shear forces utilized inthe methods described herein. Any cell is suitable for use in abiomaterial as determined by those skilled in the art. The compositionmay contain only one biomaterial or more than one biomaterial. Thecomposition may contain only one biological material or more than onebiological material. In one embodiment, the cell is a mammalian cell, aplant cell, a bacterial cell or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the biological material comprises a viral capsid.

Examples of cells include, without limitation, cells in suspensionsolution, cells by themselves, cells with hydrogels, multicellularsolutions with or without hydrogel, tissues, or any combination thereof.A number of cells may be selected and include differentiated andundifferentiated cells. In one embodiment the cells include, withoutlimitation, contractile or muscle cells (e.g., skeletal muscle cells,cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and myoblasts), connective tissuecells (e.g., bone cells, cartilage cells, fibroblasts, and cellsdifferentiating into bone forming cells, chondrocytes, or lymphtissues), bone marrow cells, endothelial cells, skin cells, epithelialcells, breast cells, vascular cells, blood cells, lymph cells, neuralcells, Schwann cells, gastrointestinal cells, liver cells, pancreaticcells, lung cells, tracheal cells, corneal cells, genitourinary cells,kidney cells, reproductive cells, adipose cells, parenchymal cells,pericytes, mesothelial cells, stromal cells, undifferentiated cells(e.g., embryonic cells, stem cells, and progenitor cells),endoderm-derived cells, mesoderm-derived cells, ectoderm-derived cells,and any combination thereof.

A “stem cell” as used herein refers to mitotic cells which candifferentiate into other cells. Stem cells may include, withoutlimitation, totipotent cells, pluripotent cells, multipotent cells,oligopotent cells, and unipotent cells. Stem cells may include embryonicstem cells, perinatal stem cells, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells,and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Accordingly, the methods and systems described herein are useful ingenerating tissue, organs, and vascular tubes. “Tissue” as used hereinrefers to a grouping of cells of the same type that perform a specificfunction. Examples of tissues include, but are not limited to,connective (loose-areolar, reticular, and adipose and dense-regular andirregular), muscle (e.g., smooth, skeletal, and cardiac), nervous tissue(brain, spinal cord, and nerve), and epithelial (shape and arrangementclassified), and special connective (cartilage, bone, blood). In oneembodiment, intraluminal fluid perfusion may be used during thepreparation of vascular tubes to mimic blood pressures.

An “organ” is a collection of tissues in a specific structure to performa function. Examples of organs include, but are not limited to, skin,sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, muscle, cartilage, bonemarrow, bone, brain, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, heart,blood vessels, cornea, heart valve, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung,lymphatic vessel, salivary glands, mucous glands, esophagus, stomach,gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, colon,urethra, kidney, adrenal gland, conduit, ureter, bladder, fallopiantube, uterus, ovaries, testes, prostate, thyroid, parathyroid, meibomiangland, parotid gland, tonsil, adenoid, thymus, and spleen, teeth, gums,hair follicle, trachea, cartilage, or any combination thereof.

The cell density necessary for the composition is dependent on multiplefactors, including the cells utilized and article being fabricated. Thecells may be pre-treated prior to incorporation into the compositionusing techniques such as incubation. The cells may also be maintained ata selected temperature. In some embodiments, the cells are frozen, thecells are maintained at a lower temperature, the cells are maintained atan ambient temperature, or the cells are maintained at a temperaturegreater than an ambient temperature. In one embodiment, the cells are atabout 37° C. or greater. In a further embodiment, embodiment, bacterialcells are at about 37° C. or greater. In another embodiment, the cellsare maintained at lower temperatures prior to, during or after printing.

Extrusion Agent

One or more extrusion agent may further be added to the compositiondescribed herein. In one embodiment, the extrusion agent cures, therebyencapsulating the biomaterial during formation of the fabricatedarticle. The term “cure” or variations as used herein is utilized todescribe the process for toughening or hardening one component of thecomposition described herein via the crosslinking of the components. Inone embodiment, the curing occurs concurrently as the bioprintingproceeds (i.e., the curing and bioprinting occur simultaneously). Thelength of time required for the curing to complete depends on thecomponents of the composition, article to be fabricated, and/orlaboratory conditions, among others. In one embodiment, curing iscomplete in less than about 1 year. In another embodiment, curing iscomplete in about 1 second to about 1 year. In a further embodiment,curing is complete in about 1 second to about 1 minute.

The extrusion agent may cure in the absence of exogenous agents ortechniques. In one embodiment, the extrusion agent is cured usingelectron beams, heat or chemical additives such as one or morephoto-initiator as described below. In a further embodiment, theextrusion agent is curable at a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater.

In one embodiment, the extrusion agent is a support material. Two ormore support materials, i.e., 2 to about 20, may be included in thecomposition. The support material is selected based on the desiredquality, viscosity, permeability, elasticity or hardness, adherency,biocompatibility, 3D printed structure, or the like. The supportmaterial is capable of hardening, viscous, excludes cells from growingor migrating into or adhering to it, or any combinations thereof. In oneembodiment, the support material is curable or cross-linkable at awavelength of about 405 nm or greater. The support material isoptionally removed prior to use of the fabricated article. In oneembodiment, the support material is removed via dissolution.Accordingly, the support material may be water-soluble, organic solventsoluble, dissolvable via enzymatic degradation, or dissolvable underacidic or basic conditions. In one embodiment, the enzymatic degradationis performed using a protease or lipase. The protease is, withoutlimitation, proteinase K, protease XIV, a-chymotrypsin, collagenase,matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, or any combination thereof.The dissolution may alternatively be performed using cations.

A variety of support materials may be selected by one skilled in the artusing the instant specification. In one embodiment, the support materialis a polymer. In another embodiment, the support material is athermoplastic polymer. In a further embodiment, the support material ispolyethylene oxide, poly-caprolactone, poly(L)-lactic acid (PLLA), orgelatin methacrylate, or any combination thereof. In yet anotherembodiment, the polymer is, without limitation, diacrylates such aspolyacrylic acid or polyethylene glycol diacrylate, methacrylates suchas hydroxyethyl methacrylate, norborenes, hydrogel, NovoGel™, gelatin,Matrigel™ hyaluronan, poloxamer, peptide hydrogel, poly(isopropyl-n-polyacrylamide), polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide, polylactic acid, silicon, silk, surfactant polyols, thermo-responsivepolymers, hyaluronates, alginates, collagens, nanofibers,self-assembling nano fibers, hydrogels derived from collagen,hyaluronate, fibrin, agarose, chitosan, poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylalcohol, polyphosphazene, or derivatives, copolymers or any combinationthereof. In yet a further embodiment, the diacrylate is PEG-DA. In stillanother embodiment, the methacrylate is PEG-MA. In a further embodiment,the norbomene is PEG-norbomene. In another embodiment, thepolyoxyethylene is poly(ethylene glycol). One of skill in the art wouldbe able to determine a suitable ratio of support material to cellsdepending on the other components of the composition.

Photo-Initiator

To create healthy 3D tissues, damage to the cells by light(phototoxicity) should be minimized. Visible light reduces the energythat the tissues are exposed to. Thus, a photo-initiator also may beutilized in the composition described herein. In one embodiment, thephoto-initiator promotes curing of the composition. In a furtherembodiment, the photo-initiator promotes cross-linking of one or morecomponent of the composition. In another embodiment, the photo-initiatoris a visible light photo-initiator. In a further embodiment, thephoto-initiator is activated when exposed to blue light. In anotherembodiment, the photoinitiator is lithiumphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate. In yet a further embodiment,the photo-initiator is the Irgacure™ 2959 product which contains one ormore of the following:

The ratio of the polymer to the photo-initiator is dependent on theselection of the polymer for use as described herein. The amount ofphoto-initiator must be sufficient to initiate cross-linking of thepolymer. In one embodiment, the weight ratio of the polymer to thephotoinitiator is about 1:1 to about 20:1.

Other Components

The composition may optionally contain additional agents to facilitatepreparation of the desired product. One of skill in the art wouldreadily be able to select suitable additional agents for use herein.

In one embodiment, the composition includes an extracellular matrix.Examples of extracellular matrix components include, without limitation,collagen, fibronectin, laminin, hyaluronates, elastin, proteoglycans,gelatin, fibrinogen, fibrin, or any combination thereof. The noncellularcomponents of the composition may be retained or may be removed prior touse using physical, chemical, or enzymatic means.

In a further embodiment, the composition includes a wetting agent asdescribed above.

In yet a further aspect, the composition includes a cell-binding factor.Examples of cell-binding factors useful herein include, withoutlimitation, fibronectin, lectins, cadherins, claudins, laminin, or anycombination thereof.

In another embodiment, the composition includes an antioxidant. Examplesof antioxidants include, without limitation, buffers such as phosphatebuffered saline.

In a further embodiment, the composition includes an agent that inhibitscell death. Examples of agents that inhibit cell death include thosethat inhibit the activity of an interleukin, interferon, granulocytecolony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein, transforminggrowth factor B, matrix metalloproteinase, caspase, MAPK/JNK signalingcascade, Src kinase, Janus kinase, or any combination thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the composition includes an agent thatencourages cell adhesion. Examples of an agent that encourages celladhesion include, without limitation, Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid(RGD), integrin, and extracellular matrix (ECM).

In still a further embodiment, the composition includespolyoxypropylenes and polyoxyethylenes.

In another embodiment, magnetic fields may be used to guide cellularreorganization and migration of the various cell types. Accordingly, thecompositions may contain magnetic particles such as ferromagneticnanoparticles, and are subjected to magnetic fields to guide cellularreorganization and migration.

A viscosity agent may optionally be added to the composition. By doingso, maintenance or fidelity of the extruded layer may be achieved due tothe imparted sufficient cohesive forces within the composition. In oneembodiment the selected viscosity agent depends on the shear thickeningor thinning of the components of the composition. In a furtherembodiment, the viscosity agent ensures that the composition issufficiently viscous to maintain its shape when extruded. In anotherembodiment, the viscosity agent ensures that the composition is not toothick so as to prevent its extrusion. In one embodiment, the viscosityagent is poly(ethylene oxide), gelatin, Pluronic F-127 (i.e., a(polyethyleneoxide)-(polypopyleneoxide)-(polyethyleneoxide) basedmaterial), hyaluronic acid, or any combination thereof.

Fabricated Article

As discussed above, the methods, devices, and systems described hereinpermit the fabrication of a variety of articles using EMR at awavelength of about 405 nm or greater. Accordingly, the fabricatedarticle contains one EMR responsive material and cells as describedabove.

In one embodiment, the article is a cellular construct. In anotherembodiment, the article is 3-dimensional. In another embodiment, thearticle is a tissue construct such as an organ. In a further embodiment,the article is an array of cells. In still a further embodiment, thearticle is any body part (i.e., an organ) or organic structure toenhance and/or mediate bodily functions. In yet another embodiment, thearticle is a splint for implantation into a mammal, button (e.g., plug,stopgap, filling), among others.

The organ may be any component of a mammal. In one embodiment, the organis skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, bone, brain,hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, heart, blood vessels,larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung, lymphatic vessel, salivary glands,mucous glands, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, smallintestine, large intestine, colon, urethra, kidney, adrenal gland,conduit, ureter, bladder, fallopian tube, uterus, ovaries, testes,prostate, thyroid, parathyroid, meibomian gland, parotid gland, tonsil,adenoid, thymus, spleen, teeth, gums, hair follicle, or cartilage.

A variety of plants or parts thereof may be printed using the methodsand systems described herein. In one embodiment, the plant is algae, aplant which produces a natural product, an agricultural plant designedfor human or animal ingestion, among others.

Bacterial and viral capsids may also be printed using the methods andsystems described herein. In one embodiment, the bacterium isEscherichia coli, streptococcus, Anaplasma, Bacillus-brevis,Interrococcus, among others. In another embodiment, the viral capsid isAdenaassociated, Aichi, Australian bat lyssavirus, BK polyoma, Banna,Barmah forest, Bunyamwera, Bunya La Crosse, Bunya snowshoe hare,caudiovirales, Cercopithecine herpes, Chandipura, Chikungunya, Cosa A,Cowpox, Coxsackie, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Dengue, Dhori,Dugbe, Duvenhage, Eastern equine encephalitis, Ebola, Echo,Encephalomyocarditis, Epstein-Barr, European bat lyssavirus, GBC/Hepatitis G, Hantaan, Hendra, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C,Hepatitis E, Hepatitis delta, Horsepox, Human adena, Human astra, Humancorona, Human cytomegalovirus, Human entero 68, 70, Human herpes 1,Human herpes 2, Human herpes 6, Human herpes 7, Human herpes 12 Jun. 22,2017 8, Human immunodeficiency, Human papilloma 1, Human papilloma 2,Human papilloma 16, 18, Human parainfluenza, Human parvo B19, Humanrespiratory syncytial, Human rhino, Human SARS corona, Human spumaretro,Human T-lymphotropic, Human taro, Influenza A, Influenza B, Influenza C,Isfahan, JC polyoma, Japanese encephalitis, Jnnin arena, KI Polyoma,Knnjin, Lagos bat, Lake Victoria Marburg, Langat, Lassa, Lordsdale,Louping ill, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Machupo, Mayaro, MERS corona,Measles, Mengo encephalomyocarditis, Merkel cell polyoma, Mokola,Molluscum contagiosum, Monkeypox, Mumps, Murray valley encephalitis, NewYork, Nipah, Norwalk, O'nyong-nyong, Orf, Oropouche, Pichinde, Poli,Pnnta taro phlebo, Puumala, Rabies, Rift valley fever, Rosa A, Rossriver, Rota A, Rota B, Rota C, Rubella, Sagiyama, Sali A, Sandfly feversicilian, Sapporo, Semliki forest, Seoul, Simian foamy, Simian 5,Sindbis, Southampton, St. louis encephalitis, Tick-borne powassan,Torque teno, Toscana, Uukuniemi, Vaccinia, Varicella-zoster, Variola,Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Vesicular stomatitis, Western equineencephalitis, WU polyoma, West Nile, Yaba monkey tumor, Yaba-likedisease, Yellow fever, or Zika, among others.

The fabricated article may have a single layer or multiple layers,depending on the desired use, and may be unicellular or multicellular.The fabricated article may also include repeating pattern of functionalunits. The functional unit may have any suitable geometry, including,circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, polygons, and irregulargeometries. The repeating pattern of bioprinted functional units may bein the form of layers, i.e., a base layer and one or more layersthereon. The orientation of the layers is dependent on the final articleto be fabricated. In one embodiment, the layers may all be in the samedirection, may vary in direction, or any combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the layers form a pattern. In a further embodiment, thelayers are alternating. In still another embodiment, the layers lack anypattern.

FIG. 14 illustrates samples of a print with 3 different layers and ofhow the printer can coordinate to print out a structure with differentpatterns.

FIG. 15 further illustrates a material with 6 prints and how one canbegin to create a large variety of different geometrical arrangements tobe able to achieve a desire construct of interest.

The fabricated article may be of any form which is useful to theattending clinician. In one embodiment, the fabricated article is a gelor solid.

The fabricated article may be formed by depositing a composition onto areceiving device. In one embodiment, the composition exits the orificein the form of a droplet or stream. As described above, the compositioncures after exposure to EMR of a wavelength of about 405 nm or greater.

Fabrication of the article may be continuous and/or substantiallycontinuous. In one embodiment, fabrication of the article is continuous.In another embodiment, fabrication of the article is continuous withperiods of inactivity. The fabricated article may be permitted sit for asufficient time after formation, i.e., incubated. In one embodiment, thefabricated article sits so as to permit cell adhesion, reorganizationmigration, or any combination thereof. Additional methods forfacilitating incubation may be performed utilized and include, withoutlimitation, heating, cooling, pressure, tension, compression, mechanicalforces, humidity changes, or any combination thereof.

At the end of the incubation period, the cells may be isolated byremoving any nonessential components. In one embodiment, any unwantedcomponents such as the support medium and/or extrusion agent is removed.In another embodiment, the support medium is physically removed awayfrom the support medium. In another embodiment, the support medium isremoved using water or any solvent that the non-cellular material issoluble in.

Finally, the fabricated article, lacking any nonessential components,may be finalized by permitting the cells to mature. In one embodiment,the fabricated article is place in a maturation chamber for growth.

Kits

Also provided are kits or packages containing any component of thebioprinter described herein. In one embodiment, the kit or packagecontains one or more of a bed plate, receiving device, cartridge,delivery device such as a syringe, capillary tube, or pipette, aircompressor, EMR source, software, non-transitory computer readablestorage medium, computer module, graphic user interface, optical device,among others, or any combination thereof.

The kit or package may also include one or more component of thecomposition. In one embodiment, the kit or package contains one or morebiomaterial such as cells. In another embodiment, the kit or packagecontains one or more of an extrusion agent, photo-initiator,extracellular matrix, antioxidant, agent that inhibits cell death, agentthat encourages cell adhesion, magnetic particles, viscosity agent,extrusion agent such as support material, among others, or anycombination thereof.

The kit or package may further include one or more of a vial, tube,applicator, needle, delivery device, lid, sealant, foil, and otherappropriate packaging and instructions for use.

The kit may contain one or more component of the composition. One ormore component of the composition may be separate, two or morecomponents may be combined, or any combination thereof. In oneembodiment, all of the components of the composition may be combined ina single delivery device in the kit. In another embodiment, eachcomponent of the composition may be contained in a separate deliverydevice in the kit. In a further embodiment, some of the components areindividually present in a delivery device and some of the components arecombined in a single delivery device.

Methods of Using the Bioprinters

The bioprinters described herein and the fabricated synthetic, i.e.,man-made articles produced thereby have a variety of uses. In oneembodiment, the fabricated articles in the form of organs may betransplanted into a mammal in need thereof. The organs may betransplanted in the absence or presence of immunosuppressant agents asdetermined by the attending physician and transplanted organ. In oneembodiment, immunosuppressant agent may be administered, prior to,concurrently with, or subsequent to the transplantation. In anotherembodiment, the anti-rejection agent is an induction, maintenance,immunosuppressant. In a further embodiment, the anti-rejection agent is,without limitation, atgam, azathioprine, basiliximab, cyclosporine,daclizumab, methylprednisolone, mofetil, muromonabCD3, mycophenolicacid, mycophenolate mofetil, OKT3, prednisone, rapamycin, sirolimus,tacrolimus, thymoglobulin, or any combination thereof. Additional agentsmay be administered prior to, concurrently with, and subsequent to thetransplantation and include, without limitation, pain medications, amongothers.

The fabricated synthetic articles produced as described herein also haveuse in testing a wide variety of chemical agents. By doing so, thenecessity to perform animal testing may be reduced or eliminated.Specifically, functions inherent to the particular cells of thefabricated articles may be evaluated, i.e., ensuring that the cells areproperly functioning. Such functions include, without limitation,protein function, cell marker viability, cell adhesion, or cellcontraction. Accordingly, the sensitivity, viability, toxicity, andresistance, among others, of the chemical agents may be evaluated.Accordingly, the fabricated synthetic articles produced herein have usein vitro tests across a number of industries. The term “chemical agent”as used herein refers to any single chemical or composition containingthat chemical agent which must be tested prior to distribution to thepublic. In one embodiment, the chemical agent may be householdchemicals, pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics and chemotherapeuticagents, environmental agents, agricultural chemicals, food additives,healthcare agents, among others. In doing so, the chemical agent may beapplied to a cellular structure prepared using the bioprinters herein.After application, the cellular structure may be monitored. In oneembodiment, the viability of the cells in the cellular structure may bemonitored and measured as necessary.

What is claimed is:
 1. A cartridge assembly for printing biomaterialscomprising: a cartridge inlet configured to receive at least one of acomposition and a dispensing device; a central canister configured tosurround at least a portion of the cartridge inlet; a temperaturecontrol element configured to contact the central canister and one ormore heat sinks, the temperature control element configured to maintainthe cartridge inlet within a set temperature range; and an attachmentmechanism for reversibly attaching the cartridge assembly to a centralmount of a three-dimensional bioprinter.
 2. The cartridge assembly ofclaim 1 comprising one or more fans configured to contact and dispenseheat towards or from the heat sinks.
 3. The cartridge assembly of claim1 comprising a light emitting diode positioned below the centralcanister, the light emitting diode configured to produce and applyelectromagnetic radiation having a wavelength greater than 405nanometers to an extruded product.
 4. The cartridge assembly of claim 1comprising an orifice positioned opposite the cartridge inlet, whereinthe orifice is configured to allow at least a portion of the deliverydevice to exit the cartridge assembly.
 5. The cartridge assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the attachment mechanism comprises at least one ofmechanical force, electromagnetic force, pressurized force, one or morelatches, magnetic attraction, collet chuck grip, ferrule, nut, barreladapter, robotic arms, compression seal.
 6. The cartridge assembly ofclaim 1, comprising an attachment sensor, wherein the attachment sensorcomprises at least one of magnetic, electrical or mechanical elementsconfigured to determine if the cartridge is engaged with the centralmount of the three-dimensional bioprinter.
 7. The cartridge assembly ofclaim 6, wherein the attachment sensor further comprises a light sensoror alarm configured to generate an alarm when it is determined thatcartridge assembly is disengaged from the central mount.
 8. Thecartridge assembly of claim 1, wherein the temperature control unitcomprises a Peltier element.
 9. The cartridge assembly of claim 1,wherein the set temperature range is between about −20° C. to 150° C.10. The cartridge assembly of claim 1, wherein the central canistercomprises a heat transfer material, and wherein the heat transfermaterial comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, and nickel.
 11. Thecartridge assembly of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises abiomaterial, a biological material, a curable extrusion agent, or acombination thereof.
 12. The cartridge assembly of claim 11, wherein thebiological material comprises a cell, a protein, a biochemical, a growthfactor, or a combination thereof.
 13. The cartridge assembly of claim11, wherein the biological material comprises a hydrogel, a matrigel, ora combination thereof.
 14. A method for three-dimensional printing ofbiological materials comprising: engaging a cartridge assembly with acentral mount of a three-dimensional bioprinter; maintaining thecontents of the cartridge assembly at a set temperature range via atemperature control element of the cartridge assembly; extruding thecontents of the cartridge assembly onto a receiving plate positionedbelow the cartridge assembly; and applying electromagnetic radiationhaving a wavelength of 405 nm or greater to the extruded contents. 15.The method of claim 14, comprising: loading a delivery device with acomposition; and inserting the delivery device into a cartridge inlet ofthe cartridge assembly, wherein the composition comprises a biomaterial,a biological material, a curable extrusion agent or a combinationthereof.
 16. The method of claim 14, comprising: loading a compositiondirectly into a cartridge inlet of the cartridge assembly, wherein thecomposition comprises a biomaterial, a biological material, a curableextrusion agent, or a combination thereof.
 17. The method of claim 14,comprising: determining via an attachment sensor, whether the cartridgeassembly is engaged with the central mount of the three-dimensionalbioprinter; and emitting at least one of an audible sound or a lightwhen it is determined that the cartridge assembly is not engaged withthe central mount of the three-dimensional bioprinter.
 18. The method ofclaim 14 wherein extruding the contents of the cartridge assemblycomprises applying at least one of a mechanical, electrical or pneumaticmechanism.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein engaging the cartridgeassembly with the central mount of the three-dimensional bioprintercomprises a spring and latch attachment mechanism, or a magneticattachment.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the set temperaturerange is between about between about −20° C. to 150° C.